doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.630812 Received 18 November 2020 Accepted 05 February 2021 Published 12 March 2021 Volume 11 - 2021 Edited by Justin Boddey, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia Reviewed by Sandra Duffy, Griffith University, Australia
The rationale for combination builds upon the documented mechanisms of each component
Why 50mg is the standard vial size Common GHK-Cu vial sizes: 50mg (most popular) 100mg (economy size) 200mg (bulk) 10mg, 20mg (smaller, less common) Why 50mg is ideal: Perfect for 5-10 week protocol Lasts 25-50 doses (depending on dose used) Not too expensive (most 50mg vials $80-150) Easy reconstitution math Reasonable commitment (test if it works for you) Fits standard protocols Cost per dose from 50mg: If vial costs $100 Gives 25 doses at 2mg each = $4 per dose Very affordable for anti-aging Injectable vs topical GHK-Cu Injectable (most powerful): Systemic effects throughout body 80-90% bioavailability Works on skin from inside out Dose: 1-3mg, 3-7x weekly Best for comprehensive anti-aging Topical (easiest): Applied to skin surface Lower absorption (1-2% concentration in serum) Works locally on skin Daily application Best for focused skin improvement Can combine with injectable Which to choose: Injectable: Serious anti-aging, whole-body benefits Topical: Easier, good for skin-only goals Both: Maximum results See our copper peptides GHK-Cu guide , glow peptides guide , glow peptides , and injectable vs oral peptides
If indicated, they may use lab testing and structured endocrine evaluation to interpret results in context
Addressing these challenges will require well-powered, rigorously designed randomized controlled trials in diabetic patients that integrate standardized exercise prescriptions with longitudinal exerkine profiling and validated retinal outcomes, including ETDRS grading, CMT, OCT angiography, microperimetry, and visual performance
